Damped oscillations when the object is allowed to oscillate in air it takes a long time to stop, and the amplitude decreases very slowly. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. A ray of light is incident from air to glass of refractive index n and is found to be nearly plane polarised after reflection. The factor in brackets in equation 41 defines the phase angle. Fourier optics and its applications in optical image processing are then discussed.
Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties. It is our hope that this book will stimulate the readers general interest in optics as well as provide them with an essential background in acousto optics and electro optics. Derivation of the onedimensional wave equation for a string x x y ux, t. To explain some phenomena, such as interference and diffraction of light, it is necessary to go beyond geometrical optics. Rays are the lines perpendicular to the wavefront, which show the direction of propagation of energy. Wave optics, also termed as physic optics is the branch of optics which deals with various phenomenon including diffraction, polarization of light, interference pattern in optics and solved. He envisioned a wave crest advancing by imagining each point along the wave crest to be source point for small, circular, expanding wavelets, which expand with the speed of the wave.
Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. This document is highly rated by class 12 students and has been viewed 6068 times. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. Here are some wave formulas that are useful when youre working with optics. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. Fortunately, certain defects can be tolerated in a particular application, if the produced images. Chapter notes wave optics, class 12, physics class 12 notes. This exponential relationship is given in the formula. Before coming to lab, read the lab handout and all course required reading in giancoli through chapter 25. Electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic spectrum and photons opens a modal.
Aberration not included in final exam, supplement pedrotti chapter 20, and for your study only very few optical systems give images that are free from all defects. Home optics coatings catalog about us contact us nwo. According to wave theory of light, the light is a form of energy which travels through a medium in the form of transverse wave motion. With 272 selected problems and answers, this study aid is a powerful supplement to the study of wave optics. Light waves that is, electromagnetic waves behave like other waves. In youngs double slit experiment, the separation between the two slits is doubled. Pdf this book was devoted to a discussion and study.
Glenn boreman, university of north carolina at charlotte a complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume. Class 12 physics revision notes for chapter 10 wave optics. Which of the following is the correct formula for focal point calculation. This post covers my notes from chapters 1214 in the system for opthalmic dispensing. The frequency remains the same as light travels from one medium to another. In this module, we shift the emphasis from light rays to light wavesfrom geometrical optics to physical optics. Something must be vibrating oscillating in order to create a wave. Where pis the object distance, iis the image distance, and fis the focal length. Light is a form of energy which generally gives the sensation of sight. To register online physics tuitions on to clear your doubts from our expert teachers and solve the problems easily to score more marks in your cbse. Dear students, having just a couple of days left for examination, we believe that your preparation must be at its peak. The text material in this section, through example 1, is.
In optics, typically consider simplified solution to a 1d wave equation. In our discussions of geometric optics we completely ignored the fact that light can also behave as an electromagnetic wave. Pedrotti cord waco, texas in module, basic geometrical optics, we made use of light rays to demonstrate reflection and refraction of light and the imaging of light with mirrors and lenses. The wave packet picture of photons introduced in section 5 of chapter 19 is compatible with treating light as a collection of particlelike photons that follow the rules of geometric optics only as long as the.
A wave front is the locus of points having the same phase of oscillation. Wavefront of a wave, at any instant, is defined as the locus of all the particles in the medium which are being disturbed at the same instant of time and are in the same phase of vibration. It explained the laws of reflection and refraction of light at an interface. Prepare the wave optics chapter by using new and important formulae. Use the lensmakers equation to determine the focal length of a thin lens.
Wave optics, also referred to as physical optics, is the branch of optics that enables important phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and polarization to be understood. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. The speed v of a wave is given by v t o where is the wavelength of the wave and t 1 is the period of oscillation. Wave optics class 12 physics india science khan academy. The interference of light waves produces the colors reflected from a cd, the iridescence of bird feathers, and the technology underlying supermarket checkout scanners and optical computers. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light. Give a quick but attentive glance to the important topics and formulae from the section optics. The lrc wishes to thank optical research associates for funding this.
Figure 28 illustrates a plane wave propagating along the x axis, which means that the wave fronts are parallel to the yz plane. Chapter notes wave optics, class 12, physics class 12. The light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks. Wave theory of light by huygens, fresnel, young, etc in geometric optics we learnt light is a stream of straightgoing particles newton proposed that first then we learnt light is a form of em wave. Only wave optics leads to the correct interpretation of such patterns.
He envisioned a wave crest advancing by imagining each point along the wave crest to be source point for small, circular, expanding wavelets, which. Important topics and formulae in ray optics and wave. Need a resource of practice problems to hone your skills. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. Then you come to the chapter on wave optics, and you are told that light travels as a wave, that it can bend around objects, it can diffract and interfere, etc. You can determine the wave frequency and period, predict how fast light travels in various materials, and determine how light. Apr 11, 2020 chapter notes wave optics, class 12, physics class 12 notes edurev is made by best teachers of class 12. In geometrical optics, we formulate the propagation of light rays in terms of matrices, whereas in wave optics we formulate wave propagation using the fresnel diffraction formula, which is the solution to maxwells equations. Looking for a deeper understanding of electromagnetic wave propagation. Free pdf download of physics class 12 chapter 10 wave optics formulas prepared by expert teachers at. But we had learnt all waves have common characteristic properties such as. Learn about some of the mysterious properties of light in these tutorials. Bungy jumping is an increasingly popular sport, with a growing clientele of. Class 12 physics notes on wave optics containing top concepts like wave optics, huygens principle, superposition principle, youngs double slit experiment, diffraction, polarization etc.
Wiley series in pure and applied optics founded by stanley s. They can reflect, refract bend, and interfere with each other. Demonstration of light guidance through optical fibers. The importance of focal lengths is their use in geometrical optics which will be disussed in the next section. The book can be used for a general text book for opticsoptical engineering classes as well as acoustooptics and electrooptics classes for advanced students. But when light waves pass around small objects, such as a 100diameter human hair, or through small openings, such as a 50 pinhole, ray optics cannot account for the light patterns produced on a screen beyond these objects. When two waves of exactly same frequency coming from two coherent sources travels in a medium, in the same direction simultaneously then due to their superposition, at some points intensity of light is maximum while at some other points intensity is minimum. Then answer the bold numbered questions that appear throughout this lab handout.
As a consequence of this, light traveling through different media will be shifted in relative phase leading to some interesting phenomena. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. Wave optics lecture about the principles of wave optics by n. Spherical lens numerical, microscope, telescope, ray diagrams, snells law, image formationmore.
This curriculum was developed for a seniorlevel optics course at brigham young university. Download the collection of questions asked in previous cbse board exams from the chapter wave optics. Important topics and formulae in ray optics and wave optics. Physical optics interference diffraction theory scalar fourier theory 2. Here v 1 and v 2 are the speed of light in media 1 and 2 with refractive index pp 12 and respectively. Optics benjamin crowell book 5 in the light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks. Take a 2meter length or so of optical fiberpreferably a largediameter plastic optical fiberand make perpendicular cuts at both the ends. Calculate the percentage change in the fringe width in the interference pattern.
Fermats principle light propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum minimum ignoring the wave nature of light basic theory for optical instruments geometrical optics revision. The book can be used for a general text book for optics optical engineering classes as well as acousto optics and electro optics classes for advanced students. You can determine the wave frequency and period, predict how fast light travels in various materials, and determine how light will bend in lenses and bounce off mirrors. It exposes students to specific precise topics which are generally asked in the exam and also includes various iit questions form wave optics. Cbse class 12 physics chapter 10 wave optics formula. Cbse class 12 physics chapter 10 wave optics formula free pdf download.
Revision of geometrical optics propagation of waves. A collection of electronic material related to the text is available atoptics. Wave front of a wave, at any instant, is defined as the locus of all the particles in the medium which are being disturbed at the same instant of time and are in the same phase of vibration. It includes the basics of lens diagrams, the refractive index, prisms, spherical lenses, cylindrical lenses, lens form, transposition, base curves, and vertex distance. The speed of light in a medium depends upon the nature of medium. Analysis of light interferometers diffraction gratings michelson fourier transform fabryperot 3. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 10 wave optics wave optics describes the connection between waves and rays of light. It is our hope that this book will stimulate the readers general interest in optics as well as provide them with an essential background in acoustooptics and electrooptics. When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is.
Workshop tutorials for biological and environmental physics wr1b. Fiber optics is an exciting field, and the demonstration exercises that follow are sure to kindle ones interest in this fascinating area. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i. Relation between refractive indices according to snells law by snells law 4. First up, some conventions used when people diagram light and lenses. Home optics coatings catalog about us contact us new wave optics.
The electric e and magnetic m fields are perpendicular to each other and to the propagation vector k, as shown. The phenomenon of change in the path of light when it passes from one medium to another. Optics benjamin crowell book 5 in the light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks optics. Wave optics lecture about the principles of wave optics. All of geometric optics can be based on fermats principle. Ray optics is based on rectilinear propagation of light, and deals with mirrors, lenses, reflection, refraction, etc.
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